Study Sheet for Test 4
Chapter 10—Interest Groups and Lobbying
10.1 Interest Groups Defined
Interest Groups v. Political Parties
What are Interest Groups?
Lobbyists
Membership Organizations
In-house lobbyist
Contract lobbyist
Legislative liaison
Industry associations
Volunteer lobbyists
Inside v. Outside Lobbying
Interest Group Functions
Monitor Government
Increase Political participation
Focus and specialization
Public v. Private Interest Groups
Particularized benefits
Public/Collective goods
10.2 Collective Action and Interest Group Formation
Collective Action and Free Riding
The Logic of Collective Action by Mancur Olson
Free Rider problem
Material Incentives
Solidary Incentives
Purposive Incentives
Force (required memberships)
Disturbance Theory and Collective Action
10.3 Interest Groups as Political Participation
Group Participation as Civic Engagement
Grassroots Movements v. Astroturf Movement
**Linkage Institution**
Framing
Monitoring the Government
Trends in Public Interest Group Formation and Activity
Increase in number
New Interests
Devolution
Increased Specialization
Fragmentation
Professionalization of Lobbying
How Representative is the Interest Group System?
Efficacy (rich v. poor)
Minority v. Majority participation
Apathy
Pluralism v. Elite Critique
Iron Triangles
Issue Networks
Neopluralists
10.4 Pathways of Interest Group Influence
Influence In Elections
Ratings/Report Cards
Donations
PACs and Super PACs
Influencing Governmental Policy
Voting Cues
Targeting relevant committee members
Targeting members on the floor/in conference committee
Influencing executive branch enforcers
Judicial lobbying (amicus briefs)
10.5 Free Speech and the Regulation of Interest Groups
Interest Groups and Free Speech
1971 Federal Election Campaign Act
Buckley v. Valeo (1976)
Soft Money
Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002
Citizens United v. FEC (2010)
McCutcheon v. FEC (2014)
Regulating Lobbying and Interest Group Activity
1995 Lobbying Disclosure Act
Executive Order 13490
Honest Leadership and Open Government Act
Revolving Door Laws
Chapter 11—Congress
11.1 The Institutional Design of Congress
The Great Compromise and the Basics of Bicameralism
Virginia Plan
New Jersey Plan
Connecticut Compromise
Need for identical bills
Senate Representation and House Apportionment
17th Amendment
Census count
Apportionment (constituency size)
Redistricting
Gerrymandering
Majority-Minority Districts
Congressional Powers
Enumerated
Implied
Inherent
Article I, Section 8 Powers
Oversight of the Executive Branch
Necessary and Proper Clause
Historical Decline in the Power of Congress
11.2 Congressional Elections
Understanding the House and Senate
Requirements (Age, Residency, etc)
Lack of Term Limits--US Term Limits v. Thornton (1995)
Structural Differences
Congressional Campaign Funding
**Dialing for Dollars**
Growth of Campaign Finance laws
More details about what is and is not permissible
Incumbency Effects
Advantages of Incumbents
Local and National Elections
"All Politics is Local"
Surge-and-Decline Theory
National issues driving elections?
11.3 Congressional Representation
Types of Representation: Looking out for Constituents
Representation
Delegate v. Trustee
"Politico" Model
Descriptive Representation
Rise of Minority and Female Members of Congress
Representing Constituents
Pork-barrel politics
Ear-marks (currently illegal)
Collective Representation and Congressional Approval
Low popularity of Congress
11.4 House and Senate Organizations
Party Leadership
House of Representatives
Speaker of the House
Minority Leader
Majority Leader
Whips
Senate
The Vice-President, President of the Senate
President pro tempore
Minority Leader
Majority Leader
Whips
The Committee System
Standing Committees
Select Committees
Joint Committees
Conference Committees
Power of the Chairs
**Subpoena power**
11.5 The Legislative Process
Classic Legislative Process
Revenue Bills start in the House
Other bills can start in either chamber
Committee assignment (Role of the Parliamentarian)
Hearings
Markup session
House Rules Committee
Passage through the Senate
The Filibuster
Cloture
Amendments
Conference Committee
Presidential Signature
Veto
Veto Override
Modern Legislation is Different
1974 Budget Impoundment and Control Act
Rise of Omnibus Bills
Expanded Influence of Party Leadership
**Discharge Petitions**
Multiple Referrals
Modern Filibuster
Chapter 12—The Presidency
Inventing the Presidency
Weakness of the Articles
Historical Debates
Development of the Electoral College
Original view of electors as autonomous, eclipsed by the rise of political parties
Passage of the 12th Amendment
Possibility of a Faithless Elector
Underdevelopment of the role of the Vice-President
Requirements (Natural Birth, etc)
Impeachment Process
Impeachment in the House
Trial in the Senate
2/3 needed for Removal
Evolving Executive Branch
Historical Examples
Executive Privilege
Executive Orders
Executive Agreements
12.2 The Presidential Election Process
Selecting the Candidate: The Party Process
Caucuses
Conventions
Primary Elections
Rise of Ideologically Extreme Candidates?
Power for early states
"Super Tuesday" "Super Saturday"
Decline in the importance of the National Convention
Electing the President: The General Election
The Electoral College
Possible Reform?
Debates
Acceptance or refusal of Public Funding
12.3 Organizing to Govern
Transition and Appointments
Transition Team
The Cabinet
"Inner" Cabinet
Senate Confirmation Process
**Reasons why the President often does not rely on the Cabinet for advice**
Senate Approval of Non-Cabinet Officials
Nomination of Judges
The Executive Office of the President (EOP)
Office of Management and Budget
Preparing the President's Budget
Central Clearance
Presidential Staff (the West Wing)
The Vice President
Forging an Agenda
First 100 days
"Political Time"
12.4 The Public Presidency
The Shaping of the Modern Presidency
Originally limited contact with the public
Power through Patronage and Appointments
FDR and Radio
Television and JFK and Reagan
**Social Media and Obama and Trump**
Going Public
Does it work?
Is it obselete?
The First Lady
Eleanor Roosevelt
Betty Ford
Nancy Reagan
Michelle Obama
12.5 Presidential Governance: Direct Presidential Action
Domestic Policy
Recess Appointments
Pardon Power
Executive Orders
Line-Item Veto
**Still available if the President threatens a veto**
Signing Statements
National Security, Foreign Policy and War
Increased Power of the Presidency
Executive Agreements
Power of Persuasion
Opportunity and Legacy
Rally Around the Flag Effect
Lack of Control Over Legacy
Chapter 13—The Courts
13.1 Guardians of the Constitution and Individual Rights
Jurisdiction
Original (Trial Courts)
Appellate (Appeals Courts)
Humble Beginnings
"Least Dangerous Branch"
Slow accumulation of power
John Marshall
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
The Courts and Public Policy
Common Law
Various Controversies
Courts as a Last Resort
**Footnote 4 of US v. Carolene Products (1938)**
13.2 The Dual Court System
**Concurrent Jurisdiction**
Courts and Federalism
Criminal Law
Civil Law
State v. Federal Jurisdiction
Implications of a Dual Court System
Clashes Between State and Federal Law (Marijuana)
13.3 The Federal Court System
The Three Tiers of Federal Courts
District Courts
Trial Courts of the Federal System
**Role of the U.S. Attorneys**
Circuit Courts
11 numerated + DC + Federal
Supreme Court
stare decisis
Selection of Judges
Senatorial Courtesy
Supreme Court appointments
13.4 The Supreme Court
The Structure of the Court
1 Chief, 8 Associates
Clarence Thomas (George HW Bush)
Samuel Alito (George W Bush)
Brett Kavanaugh (Donald Trump)
Neil Gorsuch (Donald Trump)
Chief John Roberts (George W Bush)
Stephen Breyer (Bill Clinton)
Elena Kagan (Barack Obama)
Ruth Bader Ginsburg (Bill Clinton)
Sonia Sotomayor (Barack Obama)
Law Clerks and their Role
How the Supreme Court Selects Cases
**The Judges' Bill of 1925**
The Docket
Writ of Certiorari
Rule of Four
What makes a case cert-worthy?
**The cert-pool**
Role of the Solicitor General
Supreme Court Procedures
Filing Briefs
amicus curiae briefs
Oral Arguments
The Conference
13.5 Judicial Decision-Making and Implementation by the Supreme Court
Judicial Opinions
Majority
Dissenting
Concurring
Influences on the Court
Judicial Activism v. Restraint
Personal Beliefs and Attitudes
Public Opinion
**Other Justices**
The Courts and Other Branches of Government
The Presidency
FDR's Court-packing Scheme
Enforcement Power
Congress
Funding
Also: Be prepared to answer questions about any articles assigned since the last test.
NOTE: Double asterisks indicate items not covered in the text that I still want you to know.